The 4 Emotions of a human.
FEAR.
Threat for self.
Reaction Freeze or flight to remove self from threat.
ANGER
Confrontation of a barrier that stops self from reaching a goal.
Reaction Fight attack to destroy the barrier.
HAPPINESS
Positive events either in thoughts, in memories, in anticipation of success.
Reaction calmness and satisfaction.
SADNESS
When people loose something of value.
Reaction Flop, Freeze holding on to or Fight, Flight letting go of.
Saturday 21 February 2015
Tuesday 17 February 2015
Laughter. It's negative affects.
Laughter.
Many people don't consider this; Laughter can be both positive and negative. Many children have a distorted view of laughter and it's affects on them or do they?
"Laughter can either block healing or be healing" (Cousins)
Laughter can be negative in the following ways:
-Derisive laughter, mean and attacking
-Cruel teasing, to belittle using power and control
-Laughter used in Abuse giving reverse message, something is good though it feels bad
-Laughing at rather than with; Sarcasm and Ridicule
-Laughing to avoid; pain, denial, discount
The question that's needs to be asked...
-Will the other person find it funny?
-Does the other person laugh joyfully?
-Is it done to make you look more powerful?
-Is what you are doing abusive to another?
-Are you laughing at someone or with someone?
"A gallows smile -unconscious smile at our own pain" (Berne E.)
So by discounting the smile at pain becomes self destructive. It means that what really happens is being diverted. An unconscious physical sign that you are internally hurting.
Harmless teasing (banter) between two people or more with a pre existing connection is very different from the cruel teasing between two people without a pre existing connection which is full of damage to the core self.
Sarcasm is used often in our society, the person who gets the sarcasm will discount the external impact: they toughen up a child. That's the thought but does it? Putting down others for power of themselves and themselves discounting what is really going on for them -loss of power.
HAPPINESS is one of a humans 4 emotions.
Positive events either in thoughts, in memories, in anticipation of success.
Reaction calmness and satisfaction.
We need to teach children (and adults) Laughter can be positive.
-Joyous laughter at a joke that disparages no one
-Laughing in an empathic way builds esteem and offers connection.
-Laughing with, alongside and together.
Giving the message 'I like you' 'I want to laugh with you' 'I want to make positive connections' 'I care about you' 'I want you to feel good about yourself' therefore promoting good emotional health and well being.
Children are said to laugh a great deal more than adults: an average baby laughing 300-400 times a day compared to an average adult laughing only 15-20 times a day!
Where laughter comes from?
Neurophysiology indicates that laughter is linked with the activation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, that produces endorphins. Scientists have shown that parts of the limbic system are involved in laughter. This system is involved in emotions and helps us with functions necessary for humans' survival. The structures in the limbic system that are involved in laughter: the hippocampus and the amygdala.
(1984) Journal of the American Medical Association states
"Although there is no known 'laugh center' in the brain, its neural mechanism is inconclusive and of much speculation. It is evident that its expression depends on neural paths arising in close association with the telencephalic and diencephalic centers concerned with respiration. (Wilson) It was considered the mechanism to be in the region of the mesial thalamus, hypothalamus, and subthalamus. Kelly et al postulated that the tegmentum near the periaqueductal grey contains the integrating mechanism for emotional expression. Thus, supranuclear pathways, including those from the limbic system that Papez hypothesised to mediate emotional expressions such as laughter, probably come into synaptic relation in the reticular core of the brain stem. So while purely emotional responses such as laughter are mediated by subcortical structures, especially the hypothalamus, and are stereotyped, the cerebral cortex can modulate or suppress them."
Laughter has proven beneficial effects on various other aspects of biochemistry. It has been shown to lead to reductions in stress hormones such as cortisol and epinephrine. When laughing the brain also releases endorphins that can relieve some physical pain.
Reference:
Clarke J. (1989) Growing up.
"Why Laughter May Be the Best Pain Killer". Scientific American. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
Cousins, Norman, The Healing Heart : Antidotes to Panic and Helplessness, New York : Norton, 1983. ISBN 0-393-01816-4.
Cousins, Norman, Anatomy of an illness as perceived by the patient : reflections on healing and regeneration, introd. by René Dubos, New York : Norton, 1979. ISBN 0-393-01252-2.
Panksepp, J., Burgdorf, J.,"Laughing" rats and the evolutionary antecedents of human joy? Physiology & Behavior (2003) 79:533-547. psych.umn.edu
Part 1. Pain. Pain in the developing foetus
Jeanette Forsyth BSc Psychology. Please do not copy without referencing. Subject to copyright.
Pain and the developing child: looking at the foetus.
International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) description of pain is: “An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.”
Pain in new born infants is clearly seen, there are physical physiological reactions as well as emotional reaction through the sensory experience; the cry, the bulging eyes, the tears, the high pitched scream, the withdrawal. What about the infant you can't see; The growing developing foetus what is their reaction to pain? Infants delivered at 26 weeks clearly show signs of pain (Craig et al 1993).
The foetus makes withdrawal reflexes in reaction to cutaneous stimulation, these are observable in the gestation developmental stages (Humphrey 1978). However these do not imply effective pain perception, due to them not being specific to nociceptive stimuli (a receptor of a sensory neuron (nerve cell) that responds to potentially damaging stimuli by sending signals to the spinal cord and brain). The foetus responds but it is not deemed to cause the perception of pain. However Structual connectivity has been confirmed in ultrasounds, synapse movement between sensory neurons and interneurons and motor neurons at only 5-6 weeks gestation. By 14 weeks most of the body surfaces can evoke a reflex response (Okado 1981). What is not known at this stage if pain can be felt in any capacity, the assumption is they can't.
We know stress response symptoms show increased blood flow, increased heart rate and rise or drop in the respiratory rate. We also know that neuroendocrine changes (neurotransmitters released by nerve cells releasing hormones into the blood thus being an integration of the nervous system and endocrine system) changes with increased production of catecholamines, cortisol, and other stress hormones, increased beta-endorphin and noradrenaline releases (Adaes 2014). Stress responses can be observed in the early part of the second trimester 13-28 weeks.
We know parental stress hormones and cortisols have an impact of the unborn child. We know that the perinatal time is a sensitive one and there can be reactions with Mothers who have been under high stress in her pregnancy, suffered trauma in her pregnancy or suffered perinatal depression or mental health in the pregnancy. The emotional damage that can be done should not be underestimated however there is little evidence that it causes actual physical emotional pain to the foetus. It suggests it has impact on the chemicals and hormones involved in brain wiring.
These are not seen necessarily by scientists indicative of physical pain perception but we do have to query emotional pain perception. The thought is that the emotional component of pain entails the need for consciousness, to allow the recognition of and meaning of; an unborn child is not deemed conscious of it because it's not been consciously categorised and labelled. We know by differing cries there is a sharp shrill cry that is linked to pain so we are aware that babies feel pain and respond to pain on delivery, this has been seen for babies at delivery 24-26 weeks.
Currently in order for a stimulus to be perceived as painful, a whole circuitry system has to be fully developed and functioning. This meaning information must travel from spinal cord neurons, whose axons project to the thalamus, which sends afferents to the cerebral cortex. From research available and within its limitations, it has determined functional sensory fibres and spinal reflexes can be found by 20 weeks of gestation, as well as connections to the thalamus. Though the sensory fibres are functional and spinal reflexes are found it is not seen as having the possibility of ability of pain. This pathway however becomes fully functional in the third trimester, around 29 to 30 weeks gestational age, when mature projections from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex are present (Adaes 2014). This suggesting from 20 weeks to 30 weeks gestation the foetus has ability or starts to have the ability and feel physical pain.
This obviously poses new questions for foetuses that are aborted after 20 weeks as it is generally agreed that the minimal necessary neuronal pathways for pain are in place by 24 weeks gestation. Under UK law, an abortion can usually only be carried out during the first 24 weeks of pregnancy as long as certain criteria are met. The Abortion Act 1967 covers the UK mainland (England, Scotland and Wales) but not Northern Ireland. There are however exception to this rule. However we are having surviving infants from 20 weeks which then poses an ethical question on the abortion age. “The District of Columbia Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act,” H.R. 3803, is based on medical and scientific findings that the unborn child at 20 weeks and beyond is capable of feeling pain, and may even be more sensitive to pain at that point than newborns are. Professor Malloy told a committee “Moreover, the fetus and neonate born prior to term may have an even heightened sensation of pain compared to an infant more advanced in gestation,”
This could be backed up by Research done by Nicol (et al 1998) and Crossley (et al 2000) have found that the GABA receptors ( GABA helps to control the fear or anxiety experienced when neurons are overexcited by inhibiting them) are suppressed and rise in levels in gestation and before birth. This suggesting that it acts as a mild psychological suppression to the foetus central nervous system reducing sensory responsiveness.
Lower levels of GABA are linked to anxiety. Crossley (2000) says there is Steroid modulation of the GABA(A) receptor in the fetal brain which is likely to have an impact on the developing foetus; influencing the foetal Central nervous systems activity in late gestation. It is thought that the GABA receptors go from excitatory to inhibitory activity during a vaginal delivery. After delivery baby and mother (Maternal care) is most important as the oxytocins is crucial for the balancing of the brain, physiology and emotional responses of the baby to subside. Interferences from external source can cause an imbalance (Levin et al), the mother and child do not get balanced.
Recently a baby delivered was certified as dead after delivery. Parents in grief wanted to have their child placing on the mothers chest. The baby revived and came around, this suggesting that the maternal baby connection is more powerful than people think as well as providing the natural baby environment (kangaroo care). The touch and the sound stimulation of the mother being the first sensory systems being re-engaged after birth.
This suggesting that the human foetus has it's own complex system in managing pain in the third trimester unless there are complicating external factors that impose into the foetus's environment; high stress cortisols from mothers environment or mental health, trauma impact, drugs, alcohol and smoking to name a few. However there must be caution in the second trimester as the physiology is present but we are still unaware if the cortex only is needed for pain awareness or if the primal systems linked up to the thalamus feels pain. The foetus does not seem to have the same protection of the GABA inhibitory in the second trimester thus concluding that it is possible that the foetus will and can feel pain.
References
Adaes. S. (2014). Foetal Pain – When Does Pain Become Pain Psychology latest AUG. 5, 2014
Craig (1993)
Crossley (2000)
Levin. R. (2010) Chapter 20 in Ritsner M.S. Brain Protection in Schizophrenia, Mood and Cognitive Disorders.
Humphreys (1978)
Nicol (1998)
Malloy (2012)
http://www.lifenews.com/2012/05/25/neonatology-professor-unborn-babies-feel-pain-at-20-weeks/ accessed 5/7/2014.
Toates.F. (2007). Biological Psychology. The Open University.
http://www.iasp-pain.org/ accessed 05/07/2014.
Pain and the developing child: looking at the foetus.
International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) description of pain is: “An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.”
Pain in new born infants is clearly seen, there are physical physiological reactions as well as emotional reaction through the sensory experience; the cry, the bulging eyes, the tears, the high pitched scream, the withdrawal. What about the infant you can't see; The growing developing foetus what is their reaction to pain? Infants delivered at 26 weeks clearly show signs of pain (Craig et al 1993).
The foetus makes withdrawal reflexes in reaction to cutaneous stimulation, these are observable in the gestation developmental stages (Humphrey 1978). However these do not imply effective pain perception, due to them not being specific to nociceptive stimuli (a receptor of a sensory neuron (nerve cell) that responds to potentially damaging stimuli by sending signals to the spinal cord and brain). The foetus responds but it is not deemed to cause the perception of pain. However Structual connectivity has been confirmed in ultrasounds, synapse movement between sensory neurons and interneurons and motor neurons at only 5-6 weeks gestation. By 14 weeks most of the body surfaces can evoke a reflex response (Okado 1981). What is not known at this stage if pain can be felt in any capacity, the assumption is they can't.
We know stress response symptoms show increased blood flow, increased heart rate and rise or drop in the respiratory rate. We also know that neuroendocrine changes (neurotransmitters released by nerve cells releasing hormones into the blood thus being an integration of the nervous system and endocrine system) changes with increased production of catecholamines, cortisol, and other stress hormones, increased beta-endorphin and noradrenaline releases (Adaes 2014). Stress responses can be observed in the early part of the second trimester 13-28 weeks.
We know parental stress hormones and cortisols have an impact of the unborn child. We know that the perinatal time is a sensitive one and there can be reactions with Mothers who have been under high stress in her pregnancy, suffered trauma in her pregnancy or suffered perinatal depression or mental health in the pregnancy. The emotional damage that can be done should not be underestimated however there is little evidence that it causes actual physical emotional pain to the foetus. It suggests it has impact on the chemicals and hormones involved in brain wiring.
These are not seen necessarily by scientists indicative of physical pain perception but we do have to query emotional pain perception. The thought is that the emotional component of pain entails the need for consciousness, to allow the recognition of and meaning of; an unborn child is not deemed conscious of it because it's not been consciously categorised and labelled. We know by differing cries there is a sharp shrill cry that is linked to pain so we are aware that babies feel pain and respond to pain on delivery, this has been seen for babies at delivery 24-26 weeks.
Currently in order for a stimulus to be perceived as painful, a whole circuitry system has to be fully developed and functioning. This meaning information must travel from spinal cord neurons, whose axons project to the thalamus, which sends afferents to the cerebral cortex. From research available and within its limitations, it has determined functional sensory fibres and spinal reflexes can be found by 20 weeks of gestation, as well as connections to the thalamus. Though the sensory fibres are functional and spinal reflexes are found it is not seen as having the possibility of ability of pain. This pathway however becomes fully functional in the third trimester, around 29 to 30 weeks gestational age, when mature projections from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex are present (Adaes 2014). This suggesting from 20 weeks to 30 weeks gestation the foetus has ability or starts to have the ability and feel physical pain.
This obviously poses new questions for foetuses that are aborted after 20 weeks as it is generally agreed that the minimal necessary neuronal pathways for pain are in place by 24 weeks gestation. Under UK law, an abortion can usually only be carried out during the first 24 weeks of pregnancy as long as certain criteria are met. The Abortion Act 1967 covers the UK mainland (England, Scotland and Wales) but not Northern Ireland. There are however exception to this rule. However we are having surviving infants from 20 weeks which then poses an ethical question on the abortion age. “The District of Columbia Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act,” H.R. 3803, is based on medical and scientific findings that the unborn child at 20 weeks and beyond is capable of feeling pain, and may even be more sensitive to pain at that point than newborns are. Professor Malloy told a committee “Moreover, the fetus and neonate born prior to term may have an even heightened sensation of pain compared to an infant more advanced in gestation,”
This could be backed up by Research done by Nicol (et al 1998) and Crossley (et al 2000) have found that the GABA receptors ( GABA helps to control the fear or anxiety experienced when neurons are overexcited by inhibiting them) are suppressed and rise in levels in gestation and before birth. This suggesting that it acts as a mild psychological suppression to the foetus central nervous system reducing sensory responsiveness.
Lower levels of GABA are linked to anxiety. Crossley (2000) says there is Steroid modulation of the GABA(A) receptor in the fetal brain which is likely to have an impact on the developing foetus; influencing the foetal Central nervous systems activity in late gestation. It is thought that the GABA receptors go from excitatory to inhibitory activity during a vaginal delivery. After delivery baby and mother (Maternal care) is most important as the oxytocins is crucial for the balancing of the brain, physiology and emotional responses of the baby to subside. Interferences from external source can cause an imbalance (Levin et al), the mother and child do not get balanced.
Recently a baby delivered was certified as dead after delivery. Parents in grief wanted to have their child placing on the mothers chest. The baby revived and came around, this suggesting that the maternal baby connection is more powerful than people think as well as providing the natural baby environment (kangaroo care). The touch and the sound stimulation of the mother being the first sensory systems being re-engaged after birth.
This suggesting that the human foetus has it's own complex system in managing pain in the third trimester unless there are complicating external factors that impose into the foetus's environment; high stress cortisols from mothers environment or mental health, trauma impact, drugs, alcohol and smoking to name a few. However there must be caution in the second trimester as the physiology is present but we are still unaware if the cortex only is needed for pain awareness or if the primal systems linked up to the thalamus feels pain. The foetus does not seem to have the same protection of the GABA inhibitory in the second trimester thus concluding that it is possible that the foetus will and can feel pain.
References
Adaes. S. (2014). Foetal Pain – When Does Pain Become Pain Psychology latest AUG. 5, 2014
Craig (1993)
Crossley (2000)
Levin. R. (2010) Chapter 20 in Ritsner M.S. Brain Protection in Schizophrenia, Mood and Cognitive Disorders.
Humphreys (1978)
Nicol (1998)
Malloy (2012)
http://www.lifenews.com/2012/05/25/neonatology-professor-unborn-babies-feel-pain-at-20-weeks/ accessed 5/7/2014.
Toates.F. (2007). Biological Psychology. The Open University.
http://www.iasp-pain.org/ accessed 05/07/2014.
Discounting.
Discounting.
The process of protecting and maintaining denial is called discounting.
"Old decisions once made, were pushed outside of the awareness, where they were followed automatically and not thoughtfully"
What is discounting?
It is when someone makes something more, less or different than it really is.
It is what people use to stop themselves solving a problem.
Discounting is a distorted process, we deny our responsibility for responding appropriately to current reality. We alter reality to make it comfortably fit our perceived reality.
We keep ourselves powerless!
"Our perceived inability to do something or understand what is going on is based on some old personal decision about our lack of power"
It was safer to accept others introjections and conditions of worth than act on the organismic self.
What do people discount?
-Themselves "I can't do anything about this situation"
-Other people "They will never change"
-Situations "It will never happen to me"
"When a person discounts their situation or another person they also discount themselves"
How do people discount?
We justify our denial by making it 'grandly larger' or 'grandly smaller' 'minimise' or 'maximise' than it actually is. When we do this we avoid responsibility, shift it to other people, we move the power.
(May 1979) "power is the ability to keep what we want and change what we want to change"
When we discount we don't take care of ourselves, we give away our power!
Levels of discounting; There are 4 levels of discounting.
1. Discount the existence of the situation, the problem, the person.
"No problem"
2. Discount the severity of the problem.
"That's no biggie"
3. Discount the solvability of the problem.
"You can't fight the council"
4. Discount your personal power to solve the problem.
"There's nothing I can do about it"
"I don't feel comfortable doing something about that"
Empowerment.
An empowered person acts responsibly
1. Evaluates the problem realistically.
2. Judges the seriousness of it accurately
3. Knows or finds a solution to the problem
4. Assesses capability for self to do
5. Takes action
Example:
A persons pet has died.
Level 1. Don't get so upset, it's only a dog. ( denial of a problem)
Level 2. A dog is a dog, we will get another one. (denial of seriousness of a problem)
Level 3. You can't get over it ( denial of ability to solve problem)
Level 4. I know you feel bad, what am I supposed to do (no personal power in the problem)
Empowerment: (takes people, situation and self power into account)
I'm sorry to hear you dog has died. I'm sad to hear that. How is it for you? Do you need to talk and can I help you? Give comfort.
Identifying levels.
1. Any level of discounting is Denial, the problem does not get solved.
2. 1st and 2nd levels are harder to confront than 3rd and 4th levels which can be dealt with by psycho education.
3. Usually people have to work through all levels to feel empowered.
However occasionally in a crisis or within a safety issue, people can go from 1 to empowerment.
Reference
Clarke J. Dawson C. (1989) Growing up again.
Cousins N. (1979) Anatomy of an illness: reflections on healing and regeneration.
May R. (1971) Power and innocence.
The process of protecting and maintaining denial is called discounting.
"Old decisions once made, were pushed outside of the awareness, where they were followed automatically and not thoughtfully"
What is discounting?
It is when someone makes something more, less or different than it really is.
It is what people use to stop themselves solving a problem.
Discounting is a distorted process, we deny our responsibility for responding appropriately to current reality. We alter reality to make it comfortably fit our perceived reality.
We keep ourselves powerless!
"Our perceived inability to do something or understand what is going on is based on some old personal decision about our lack of power"
It was safer to accept others introjections and conditions of worth than act on the organismic self.
What do people discount?
-Themselves "I can't do anything about this situation"
-Other people "They will never change"
-Situations "It will never happen to me"
"When a person discounts their situation or another person they also discount themselves"
How do people discount?
We justify our denial by making it 'grandly larger' or 'grandly smaller' 'minimise' or 'maximise' than it actually is. When we do this we avoid responsibility, shift it to other people, we move the power.
(May 1979) "power is the ability to keep what we want and change what we want to change"
When we discount we don't take care of ourselves, we give away our power!
Levels of discounting; There are 4 levels of discounting.
1. Discount the existence of the situation, the problem, the person.
"No problem"
2. Discount the severity of the problem.
"That's no biggie"
3. Discount the solvability of the problem.
"You can't fight the council"
4. Discount your personal power to solve the problem.
"There's nothing I can do about it"
"I don't feel comfortable doing something about that"
Empowerment.
An empowered person acts responsibly
1. Evaluates the problem realistically.
2. Judges the seriousness of it accurately
3. Knows or finds a solution to the problem
4. Assesses capability for self to do
5. Takes action
Example:
A persons pet has died.
Level 1. Don't get so upset, it's only a dog. ( denial of a problem)
Level 2. A dog is a dog, we will get another one. (denial of seriousness of a problem)
Level 3. You can't get over it ( denial of ability to solve problem)
Level 4. I know you feel bad, what am I supposed to do (no personal power in the problem)
Empowerment: (takes people, situation and self power into account)
I'm sorry to hear you dog has died. I'm sad to hear that. How is it for you? Do you need to talk and can I help you? Give comfort.
Identifying levels.
1. Any level of discounting is Denial, the problem does not get solved.
2. 1st and 2nd levels are harder to confront than 3rd and 4th levels which can be dealt with by psycho education.
3. Usually people have to work through all levels to feel empowered.
However occasionally in a crisis or within a safety issue, people can go from 1 to empowerment.
Reference
Clarke J. Dawson C. (1989) Growing up again.
Cousins N. (1979) Anatomy of an illness: reflections on healing and regeneration.
May R. (1971) Power and innocence.
Poem -Keymakers
Poem re Key makers.
I chose to include this poem on my blog because I would like carers of children to keep making another one! But also to teach their children to not turn away from a door and give up but to work through finding another key.
Some people see a closed door,
and turn away.
Others see a closed door,
try the knob,
if it doesn't open...
they turn away.
Still others see a closed door, try the knob,
if it doesn't open...
they find a key,
if the key doesn't fit...
they turn away.
A rare few see a closed door,
try the knob,
if it doesn't open, they find a key,
if the key doesn't fit...
They make another one.
Unknown
I chose to include this poem on my blog because I would like carers of children to keep making another one! But also to teach their children to not turn away from a door and give up but to work through finding another key.
Some people see a closed door,
and turn away.
Others see a closed door,
try the knob,
if it doesn't open...
they turn away.
Still others see a closed door, try the knob,
if it doesn't open...
they find a key,
if the key doesn't fit...
they turn away.
A rare few see a closed door,
try the knob,
if it doesn't open, they find a key,
if the key doesn't fit...
They make another one.
Unknown
Purpose injury -boys
Having a few families ask me about the dangers of 'boys play' and children discuss 'purpose hurting' by friends in the playground in sensitive areas I have posted this.
When a something hits a pair of testicles, a signal is sent to the brain at approximately 265 miles per hour. The brain then responds and sends an alert down the spine, into both the groin and the abdomen. The testicles brew a batch of neurotransmitters called Substance P, which are associated with both pain and the inflammation processes. The testicles send Substance P through the spinal column into the the part of the brain called the somatosensory cortex, which is responsible for processing physical sensations.
Next, the brain releases endorphins to relax person, leading to decreased oxygen levels within the brain. Of course, the decrease in oxygen causes a throbbing headache and sometimes nausea. Stomach and testicle sacks share the same pain receptors, meaning that when a set of testicles is harmed, men often clutch their stomachs and bend over.
Getting kicked in the testicles can also cause dizziness, as the inner ears might experience a flux in fluids. Stomach pain mixed with nausea with a twist of dizziness. Therefor "Falling to the ground and going into the foetal position," is common. Getting kicked in the testicles can lead also to vomiting.
An increased heart rate and increase in body temperature due to the trauma will often cause the person to sweat. As the minutes pass, the injured testicles will swell and the skin around could appear red and feel sore to the touch. A part of the brain called the cervical sympathetic ganglia would be activated, which controls the salivary glands of the face, resulting in tearing or crying.
Recovery from such a swift and intense pain that usually lasts for about 15 minutes? Lay down on persons back, equilibrium can begin to be reestablished as blood can flow more easily to the brain," Lying down will restore oxygen to the brain, help with the pounding headache, diminish the nausea. By replenishing fluids will help the body.
If swelling occurs or pain last after 1 hour GP to be seen.
Hurting should be disciplined (psycho education of the harm they are doing) and should have consequences for the hurting.
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